Current diagnosis can detect only 40% of CRC cases in the early stages, and CRC might recur following surgery and post-surgery treatment. So, regular screening, detecting, and removing polyps at the early stage is crucial thereby, CRC can be prevented. Generally, 10 to 15 years is required for a polyp to form a malignant tumor. The most frequently used CRC screening methods are fecal occult blood tests (FOBTs) and lower endoscopy. The metabolome helped identify the important biological activities affected by genetic variation. Other effective strategies include identifying and monitoring high-risk populations, including individuals with inflammatory bowel disease, families with hereditary CRC syndrome, individuals whose family history suggests a genetic predisposition to CRC but have no detectable genetic markers, and individuals whose phenotypic appearance indicates high risk. Treatment outcomes are thus positively impacted by interventions along the adenoma–carcinoma pathway. Furthermore, CRC can be prevented by removing colorectal adenomas, and the earlier the CRC is detected, the less likely the patient will die. Although the time taken for an early adenoma to progress to an established CRC is yet unknown, the current evidence suggests it to be no less than ten years, offering abundant opportunity for detection via screening followed by treatment. Screening is particularly appropriate in CRC, as it is not only a common disorder but one thought to be characterized by a gradual development of the adenoma–carcinoma sequence. In addition, population-based screening aims to reveal latent disease among the average-risk population, enabling early-stage interventions and reducing the threat to individuals and/or communities. The results of microsimulation modeling have shown a downward trend in CRC morbidity and mortality in the United States, attributed to the implementation of screening programs. Eligibility to participate in CRC screening is determined by age and area of residence. Therefore, most European countries, Canada, specific regions in North and South America, Asia, and Oceania have initiated population-based screening programs. However, the most effective method of preventing CRC and reducing CRC-related deaths across the population is screening average-risk individuals. Multiple studies have demonstrated that risk factors for CRC include diet and lifestyle, family history, and chronic inflammation. In addition, the risk of developing CRC in patients with long-standing ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease increases with age. Both environmental and genetic factors determine the risk of developing CRC. The number of CRC cases is increasing globally day by day. There are three principal types of CRC: Sporadic, hereditary, and colitis-associated. ĬRC is a disorder that occurs exclusively in the colon or rectum and is caused by the colon’s aberrant proliferation of glandular epithelial cells. However, in light of the significant increase in the number of identified cases in the older population, it is estimated that the global incidence of CRC will more than double by 2035, with the most significant increase occurring in less developed nations. Approximately 9.4% of cancer-related deaths were due to CRC in 2020. Additionally, there is a brief discussion on the CRC development pathways and recommendations for preventing and treating CRC.Ĭolorectal cancer (CRC), which comprises colon and/or rectum cancer, represents a significant health problem as the world’s third most commonly diagnosed and second most fatal cancer globally. Therefore, in this review, we have comprehensively discussed the current global epidemiology, drug resistance, challenges, risk factors, and preventive and treatment strategies of CRC. Highlighting the current status of CRC, its development, risk factors, and management is crucial in creating public awareness. However, these facilities are rarely available in developing countries. Access to early diagnosis and treatment of CRC for survival is somewhat possible in developed countries. However, the recurrence rate is high, and cancer drug resistance increases the treatment failure rate. CRC detected early is entirely curable by surgery and subsequent medications. Although the deaths associated with CRC are very high in high-income countries, the incidence and fatalities related to CRC are growing in developing countries too. Global incidence and mortality are likely to be increased in the coming decades. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most deadly cancer.
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